Ask people to hear a list of twenty words and then write down as many as they can. Alm every ans has mu the sa shape, what the li happens t be. Try has lit to d with it. The words at the two ends survive, because the earliest were repeated while the list was short and the latest were still being held when the writing began. Those in the middle had neither advantage, and a result without this shape usually means the test was run badly.

Type only the missing letters. Each box is one letter, and the number of boxes matches the letters that are missing.