The public fountains that appeared across nineteenth-century cities were not built out o simple cha. Clean wa was so by t barrel, t poorest dist drank fr whatever r nearby, a cholera followed the same map year after year. A fountain on a corner cost less than an outbreak, and the argument that persuaded councils was fiscal rather than humane. Temperance societies then adopted the fountains for a different reason of their own, and paid for a great many of them.

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